Babel? Gulp? Webpack? ES6 to ES5? CommonJS vs AMD

What is difference transpiler vs compiler? 

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44931479/compiling-vs-transpiling

Compiling is the general term for taking source code written in one language and transforming into another.Compiler produces executable (machine code) as output.

Transpiling is a specific term for taking source code written in one language and transforming into another language that has a similar level of abstraction.
Transpilers are also known as source-to-source compilers.

For example : "Babel"

What is the difference between npm install and npm run build?

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43664200/what-is-the-difference-between-npm-install-and-npm-run-build

How to convert ES6 Code to ES5 using Babel?

https://www.codebyamir.com/blog/convert-javascript-es6-to-es5-using-babel

Why we use gulp/ webpack? 

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/babeljs/babeljs_transpile_es6_modules_to_es5.htm
https://www.toptal.com/front-end/webpack-browserify-gulp-which-is-better

What is CommonJS

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16521471/relation-between-commonjs-amd-and-requirejs